Friday, December 27, 2019

Disappearance of the Mayan Civilization Essay - 1008 Words

Disappearance of the Mayan Civilization Dawn Herron- (su200126206) Dr. Caren Stayer World Cultures I online 01/13/14 The End of the Maya Empire: In 800 A.D. the Maya Empire contained of a number of powerful city-states spreading from southern Mexico to northern Honduras. These cities were home to massive populations and were ruled by a leading choice that could understand vast armies and demanded to be inclined from the stars and planets themselves. Maya culture was at its highest, massive temples were lined up in exactness with the night sky, stone carvings were made to celebrate the events of great leaders and long distance skill was prosperous. However a hundred years later,†¦show more content†¦There are many schemes as to what happened to the Maya, but little consent among authorities. The Disaster Theory: Early Maya investigators believed that some tragic events that may have ruined the Maya. An earthquake, volcanic eruption or sudden widespread disease could have demolished cities and killed or evacuated tens of thousands of people, bringing the Maya civilization colliding down. These schemes have been rejected today largely, because of the fact that the weakening of the Maya took about 200 years, some cities fell while others increased, at least for a little while. An earthquake, disease or other widespread tragedy would have smothered out the great Maya cities at one time. The Warfare Theory: The Maya were once said to have been a peaceful, appeasing culture. This duplicate has been crushed by the historical record, new discoveries and newly decoded stone crafters plainly show that the Maya fought often and violently among themselves. City-states such as Dos Pilas, Tikal, Copà ¡n and Quirigua went to war with one another quite often. Dos Pilas was attacked and destroyed in 760 A.D. It is possible that war brings with it financial disaster as well as security damage that could have caused a major result in the Maya cities. The Famine Theory: Pre-classic Maya (1000 B.C. - 300 A.D.) practiced basic existence agriculture, slash-and-burn crop growing on small family plots. They planted mostly corn, beans and squash. On the coast and lakesShow MoreRelatedWhat Caused the Disappearance of the Mayan Civilization? Essay2582 Words   |  11 PagesIt is still a great mystery how the Mayan civilization disappeared. This complex society reached its zenith around approximately 750 AD. However, within the next two hundred years, this civilization which was epic in its time collapsed and disappeared leaving minimal traces and even more scanty detail about what could have caused this disappearance. This knowledge gap has led to a lot of debate among scholars over the various possible reasons behind what seems to us to be the abandonment and desertionRead MoreMaya And The Ancient Civilizations1283 Words   |  6 Pageshistorians still discuss when exactly the Maya civilizations started but the most commonly accepted date is 1800 BCE in the Soconusco Region. Unlike other Mesoamerican civilizations, Maya was not confined to one area of land but rather stretched out over Central America. To historians today, the Maya civilization reached its peak during the Classic Period between AD 250 and 900. At its peak, the Maya population was over 2,000,000 people. Excavations of Mayan cities have uncovered plazas, temples, pyramidsRead MoreThe Origins Of The Ancient Civilization1308 Words   |  6 PagesThat is what happened to the Mayans. In a time span of only one hundred years, the whole Maya population was wiped out. There are several theories about the cause of their decline. Due to their disappearance the great Mayan inventions were lost in time until modern day anthropologists discovered that they made their own calendar and language along with many other things. What anthropologists do know for sure is that the Mayans were an ancient Mesoamerican civilization dating back to 250 B.C â€Å"madeRead MoreCollapse Of The Mayan Civilization1024 Words   |  5 PagesCollapse of the Mayan Civilization There were multiple reasons for the collapse of the Mayan civilization. Some of these reasons are environmental damages/overpopulation, natural disasters, and warfare.(The) Out of these the most likely reason for their collapse was war. (Cartwright) Within this war there were also the battles that were going on within its civilization, the offerings that they made to their gods, and the campaigns to resist the Spanish conquest. In the beginning the Mayans were thoughtRead MoreDiscuss What Different Theories Suggest About the Disappearance of the Mayans.1769 Words   |  8 Pagessuggest about the disappearance of the Mayans. The Mayan civilization began during 2000 B.C. and by 200 A.D. they had reached their peak of development, with more people per square kilometer than modern day New York. They were located throughout northern Central America, and present day southern Mexico. They continued to develop with forms of mathematics and astrometry, with observatories being built to follow the stars and planets. But during the 8th and 9th century the Mayans abandoned their citiesRead MoreExploring Ancient Mysteries Essay687 Words   |  3 Pagesto the great urban Mayan civilization, but theories abound and include varied possible alternatives to explain the relatively abrupt and mysterious disappearance of the Mayan civilization. * Tutankhamen died young, at approximately eighteen (18) years of age. However, his cause of death has been the subject of quite varied scholarly theories and conclusions. Did he die of an injury, of illness, of murder, or something else?. * Minoan Crete was a major civilization in its time, but severalRead MoreA Very Great Change During The Francisco Pizarro s Journey1435 Words   |  6 Pagesthe Spanish Monarchy created The New Spanish on the other side of the Atlantic in which the judicial, administrative and cultural views started to developed. However, the expeditions and battles to the Americas implied sacrifice of human life in the Mayan, Aztecs and Incan Empire. Vasco Nunez de Balboa discovered the Pacific Ocean in his march to the South Sea across the Isthmus of Panama, in which Francisco Pizarro was joined. But who was Francisco Pizarro? What did he contribute in the journey toRead MoreA Brief Look at the Mayan Civilization Essay example1548 Words   |  7 PagesAfter the disappearance of the Olmec in 100 BCE many Mesoamerican complex societies arose and continued to carry on many of the things of the Olmec culture. The ceremonial centers that were now being established brought about large populations of residents to the area. Trade networks linked the new areas and extended across Mesoamerica. They developed similar to those in the eastern hemisphere. The earliest heirs to the Olmec were the Maya people. The Maya can be analyzed in terms of their cultureRead MoreThe And Its Impact On The Future1972 Words   |  8 Pagesbeen predicted by scientists, ancient civilizations, different religions, and many others. For example, Nostradamus was one of the most famous scientists that wrote many prophecies and events about the future, his predictions are known worldwide and have impacted societies; as him, there are other scientists such as Isaac Newton, Stephen Hawking, and Richard Noone. Moreover, the Mayans, an ancient civilization, known as one of the most advanced civilizations in the field of mathematics, astronomyRead MoreCharacter Analysis Of Joichiro Nagase1856 Words   |  8 Pagesthe intricacies of a point in history almost long-forgotten. The five earliest civilizations, China, Indus-river valley, Mesopotamia, Egypt and the Mayan civilization. It was at that particular point in time, as Junichi would have it, that mankind firs t tasted greed. And with greed came significant individuals who reigned this human aspect to their control, manipulating such an amount of people to join their civilization and become their subjects. Back then, rich people had food, not money. If you

Thursday, December 19, 2019

International Relations The Domestic And The International

International relations are often conceptualized as interactions between clearly delineated nation-states. In this globalizing world, however, transnational actors are playing an increasingly larger part. Diasporic communities hold significant political clout within their adopted lands, as well as their home countries. Accordingly, several scholars have strived to break away from that traditional dichotomy: the domestic versus the international. Expanding on Robert Putnam’s theory of international negotiations as a two-level process (in which politicians must simultaneously please their domestic constituency and the foreign states they are negotiating with), Yossi Shain and Tamara Coffman Wittes refer to a â€Å"three-level game†. Diasporas are distinct from the hostland as well as the homeland, existing in a third space that confers them with unique political agency. To Shain and Wittes, â€Å"diasporas cannot be viewed simply as a domestic constituency within their h ost state but must also be viewed as independent actors in the conflict resolution process† (Shain Wittes, 172). This distinction is particularly significant in light of the fact that the interests of a diasporic community are not always perfectly aligned with those of the residents of the homeland: Shain and Wittes argue that the primary value of the homeland within the diaspora consciousness is its symbolic power to convey and preserve identity – in contrast to those who live in the homeland, who may have moreShow MoreRelated Realism and Neo-Realism Essay1162 Words   |  5 PagesINTRODUCTION The most historically entrenched theoretical perspective in international relations theory is that of classical realism. Surprisingly though classical realism was not sensationalized in the international relations arena until World War II despite its existence in fifth-century Athens. Many great philosophers such as Thucydides, Machiavelli and Hobbes developed the basics of classical realism and in 1948 Hans J. Morgenthau made the great leap into contemporizing classical realismRead MoreThe Political And Legal Aspects Of International Marketing1707 Words   |  7 Pages The Political and Legal Aspects in Relation to Domestic and International Environment of Halal Products Submitted by: Jessa Loreta Billano, 1338020 Submitted to: Dr. Syed M. Ahmed 10 August 2016 Executive Summary The advent of globalisation in the last two decades had an immense impact to the political and legal environments which are essential aspects in international marketing. As there is no existing single political and legal environment because of its complexity onRead MoreInternational Human Resource Management: More than Just Expatriate Management1246 Words   |  5 Pagesorganisations. Nowadays, many people might think that International Human Resource Management (IHRM) is synonymous with expatriate management. However, IHRM covers more than just the management of expatriates. According to Laurent (1986, pp. 91-93), IHRM is a set of activities aimed managing organisational human resources at international level to achieve organisational goals and achieve competitive advantage over competitors at national and international level. IHRM includes typical HRM functions suchRead MoreWhat Are The Characteristics And Dynamics Of Liberalism And Neoliberalist Theories Essay1557 Words   |  7 Pages Within the field of international relations theory, neoliberalism and liberal theory have developed out of the notion of states cooperating within the international system. As states realized that through cooperation additional benefits can be gained in an anarchic world, institutions whose goal was to create cooperation among self-interested states took shape. As states initiated this type of multilateralism for mutual gain within the international system, scholars and theorist such as Stein, KeohaneRead MoreEssay on The Role of Religion in Foreign Policy1019 Words   |  5 Pages one needs to acknowledge that religion does play a role in foreign policy. However, the role religion plays in international relations is often overlooked. This omission of such an important factor that influences international politics in so many ways and on so many levels is detrimental and should be addressed (Fox, 2001:73). Religion influences international politics in varied ways. The phenomenal role of religion in foreign policy is not new or in dispute. Fox purports Read MoreThe Islamic Law s Enforcement Of Halal Regulations1675 Words   |  7 Pageshad an immense impact to the political and legal environments which are essential aspects in international marketing. As there is no existing single political and legal environment because of its complexity on a variety of levels, the political and legal environment will be referred to as one concept in this paper. The political and legal aspects will be discussed in relation to the domestic and international environment. In order to have a grasp of the factors at play, this paper will use the IslamicRead MoreUnited Law Of Public International Law1414 Words   |  6 PagesReport to International Law First concerning the fear that the concept of state sovereignty in public international law is frequently overlooked by politicians, the media and others. Introduction. International Law First has asked for a report concerning the impact of public international law on the concept of state sovereignty in the UK. This report will examine the limits that public international law imposes on state sovereignty and the effect that this has on the balance of power withinRead MoreEco/372 International Trade and Finance Speech Essay1268 Words   |  6 PagesInternational Trade and Finance Speech International Trade and Finance Speech Foreign exchange rates and International trade are important aspects of economics. The United States macroeconomy’s health is determined by these concepts and their factors. International Trade Exports and imports are what encompass international trade balance. When there are more exports over imports a trade surplus happens and when there are more imports over exports a trade deficit happens. A country will acquireRead MoreWhy Has Marxism Been Neglected For International Relations?977 Words   |  4 PagesWhy has Marxism been neglected in International Relations? One of the major reasons why Marxism has generally been neglected in International Relations is due to the scarcity of Marxist writing that is specifically focused on this subject. However, it can be argued that due to this paucity of material, Marxist theory has nothing of substantial value to offer with regards to international relations. Non- Marxists argue that the concepts in Marx’s analysis of capitalist production; class, labor, exchangeRead MoreThe Five International Relations Theories, Realism, Liberalism, And Feminism1241 Words   |  5 PagesThree of the five international relations theories, Realism, Liberalism, and Feminism have very interesting and different positions pertaining to global politics and issues. These theories, although quite different, effect the past present and future of global politics. Realists tend to believe the worst in humanity, that they are inherently selfish, and expect the worst. They are always prepared for war, and will go on the off ensive if it means gaining more power and respect. Liberals do not think

Wednesday, December 11, 2019

Lump Sum Contract and Acceptance Strategy

Question: Discuss about the Lump Sum Contract and Acceptance Strategy. Answer: Lump Sum contract: A contract can be termed as the lump sum contract in case the contract agrees to sign an agreement with the building owner to undertake a particular work for a fixed amount of money. In case of the lump sum contract a single price is provided in the tender by the owner of the building with respect to the amount and the type of work that has to be carried out by a contractor (Wren and Davidson, 2011). A particular time frame is also provided by the client to complete the task. The payment is done by the client after the completion of the task or after the different phases of the construction is completed. Lump sum subject to rise and fall A contract can be termed as the lump sum contract subjected to rise and fall, if the payment that is associated with the project is subjected to rise and fall as per the risk that are related to the different stages of construction (Chan and Park, 2005). Cost plus a percentage A contract can be termed as the cost plus a percentage contract if the contractor associated with the construction of the project gets a certain percentage of the total cost of the project over the total cost of the project (Oulahen, 2014). The payment that has been made to the contractor over the total cost of the project can be taken as a pure profit by the contractor and are basically used to meet the other expenses like the overhead charges, phone bills, payments made to the clerical staffs and other administrative staffs or for paying premium of the insurance. Project management In the project management the client seeks to utilize the services of the professional project managers so that the professional contract managers can look after the various processes related to the contract and give them advice to select the most appropriate contract that will be suitable to achieve their goals. Schedule of rates In case of the schedule of rate contract the client produces the schedule of the work that has to be carried out without taking into consideration the quantities. The contractor rates the different tasks and the contractor the freedom to quote different prices that are related to the different price for the labour, different prices for the materials and the separate costs for the equipments which are associated with the project (Ishii, Takano and Muraki, 2014). Sub-contract The contract that takes place between the main contractor and the sub-contractor is called the sub-contract (Li, 2009). A sub-contract comprise of the agreement between the main contractor and the sub-contractor, order for the purchase and/or a legal document which explains the type of work that has to be carried out by the contractor. One of the best contract systems that will be suitable for the completion of the project 1 will be the lump sum contract system. The main benefit of the lump sum contract system is that the prices of the contract are known to the owner of the building beforehand. This contract also provides an opportunity to the contractor to find out ways to reduce the cost associated with the contract (Oulahen, 2014). Further the contract will provide a timeline to the contractor to complete the task and within a fixed budget. Variation The term variation can be explained as the various changes or alterations or modifications that are made in the scope of the work that is mentioned in the contract of a particular construction project. Prime cost items The prime cost item may be explained as the allowance that is associated with the contract so that the other important items which are not added into the contract like the taps, door knobs, parts of the windows etc. Provisional sum A provisional sum can be explained as the additional sum of money whose provision is made in the contract such that it covers the cost of the additional work that is needed to be carried out in the project but whose details are not included into the actual contract, like the work related to the joining the parts and the connections (Ogbu, Asuquo and Oyoh, 2012). Extension of time In certain contracts there are provisions for the extension in the time for the completion of the project tasks in certain conditions and only is the extension in the time of the project is not caused due to the fault of the contractor (Nyce and Maroney, 2011). The time period for which the project is extended is called as the extension of time (EOT) as per the contract. Liquidated damages The liquidity damages may be termed as the amount of money that is mentioned in writing in the contract and has to be paid by the party breaching the terms and condition of the contract, to the other party which has suffered losses due to the breach in the contract. Possession of the site The words Possession of the site is generally written in the contract to point out the right of the contractor to enter the site of construction so that he is able to carry out the activities related to the construction of the project 1. Cooling off period The cooling of period can be explained as the time period which are generally explained in the contract and points out the duration within which the client has the right to cancel the contract. Defects liability period The defects liability period may be explained as the time that is mentioned as per the contract, in which the client has the right to report about any defects in the work that is associated with the contractor (Oladapo, 2007). In the general practices the issues related to the defects in the work done by the contractor is raised in front of the contract administrator, who in turn takes a decision that whether a particular defect has been caused due to the negligence of the contractor or the defect is caused due to the improper use or lack of maintenance of the house. In general practice the defects liability period is generally spanned from six to twelve months. Retention The retention time period may be expressed as the time period which has been prescribed as per the law, that the owner of the project has to retain the documents that are related to the project before the files are disposed (Nyce and Maroney, 2011). In general there are several documents that are retained by the owner of the building, which are illustrated as follows: 1. Various legal documents such as the estate titles and the documents related to the contract of the project and the documents related to the land surrounding the project area. 2. Different policy records like the records related to the survey of the land, reports related to the evaluation of the building etc. 3. Different administrative records that is associated with the maintenance, repair and the reconstruction of the various parts of project. Progress claims The progress claim can be defined as the amount of the money that is claimed by the contractor for the owner of the project after a certain amount of task is completed. In the documents that are related to the progress claim the various works for which the claims are generally made is mentioned (Ranasinghe, 2000). Along with this the claim documents also covers the information related to the time duration in which claimed money has to be recovered, the due payment, the date of payment of the claimed amount and the process that has been adopted by the contractor to calculate the amount claimed. The five essential features of building contract are illustrated as follows: Payment: One of the main features of a building contract is the terms of payment associated with the project. The payments comprise of the accurate estimation of the overall cost of the building construction and the mode which will be adopted for the payment related to a specific project. Scope of the services: It is important that the scope of the services that are associated with the project is properly mentioned in the contract. The scope of the services forms the basis for the formation of the terms and conditions that are associated with the project. A the scope of the work that has to be performed by the building contractor has to be clearly mentioned in the contract. Guarantee of Workmanship: The guarantee of the workmanship refers to the guarantee of the work that is provided by the contractor in writing and is mentioned in the contract properly (Wren and Davidson, 2011). The guarantee of the work can be related to both the services and the equipments that are supplied by the contractor and the guarantee of the workmanship is applicable only for a fixed time period which is also mentioned in the contract. Liquidity Damage clause: The liquidity damage clause is a very important feature of the building contract. The liquidity damages may be termed as the amount of money that is mentioned in writing in the contract and has to be paid by the party breaching the terms and condition of the contract, to the other party which has suffered losses due to the breach in the contract (Kumar and Mishra, 2015). Site location: The location of the site along with the overall description of the site is very much essential for the formation of the contract and deciding the terms and conditions of the contract formation. This information is important to collect before the starting of the construction begins at the site.a) The three most possible causes which caused the breach of the contract by the client that could lead to the termination of the contract are as follows: 1. In ability to make the payment by the client for the work done. 2. Giving contract to another contractor to perform the task without taking the consent of the main contractor. 3. Failure to provide access to the contractor at the work site (Zhang et al., 2012). The three most possible causes which has resulted in the breach of the contract by the me, the builder, that could lead to the possible termination of the contract are as follows: Not carrying out the work as per the scope of the work mentioned in the contract. Not rectifying the defects even after repeated notices by the client. Not being able to adhere to the deadline and huge delays due to which losses are suffered by the client, than the client has the right to cancel the contract. The different documents that form an important part of the contract are illustrated as follows: 1. Drawings: Drawings related to the building construction can be described as the graphical representation of the various building structures that will constructed under the contract. The drawings of the building structures also points towards the location of a particular building structure in the overall building. 2. Specifications: The documents describing the various details of the scope of work that is to carried out by the contract is termed as the specifications. The specification documents comprise of the details of the codes and the standards that has top followed during the construction of the building structures. 3. Agreement: The documents which is identified by all the stakeholders as part of the agreement is very important for the construction of the building contract (Zima, 2015). The documents related to the agreement describe the timeline of the construction of the building and the schedule of payments of the construction work carried out by the contractor (Kumar and Mishra, 2015). 4. Conditions: The conditions are that document that contains the legal rights of both the client and the contractor. These documents give the different methods that have to be followed in case any dispute arises between the client and the contractor. The condition documents also comprise of the different clauses that are related to the insurance, safety, rules of termination and the jurisdiction area. The contract that has been selected for the construction of the Project 1 will be the cost plus percentage contract system Contract Parties: The XYZ developers, Elizabeth road, NSW and the Tony Johnson, Lenin street, NSW have come together hereby to agree that a house will be constructed at the property that is situated as 14, Lenin street and are legally defined as the lots 6,7 and the south1/2 Lot 3, West 60 feet, south of lot 4, west 50 foot of lot 5 and lot 8, block no. 31, 14 Lenin street, NSW. Contract documents: The contract terms and condition comprise of the various documents that are illustrated below and comprise of the complete terms of the agreement that is made between both the parties (Chan and Park, 2005). The terms and condition will be prevailing over any conflicting provision in the documents which are incorporated as a reference: The plans and the architectural drawings which are dated 7/ July/2016 with a total of 25 pages are hereby incorporated into this document. The documents related to specifications that are dated 7/July/2016 with a total of 15 pages are hereby incorporated into this document. The schedule of the items allowed with date 7/July/2016 with 13 number of pages are hereby incorporated into this document. Building Plans: The contractor has agreed to construct that the building will be constructed in accordance with the specifications and the designs which have to be supplied by the client and are added as a reference in the paragraph III Contract documents. The sole owner of the plans and the designs of the building is the buyer and only he has the legal right to use the plans and designs (Ishii, Takano and Muraki, 2014). Hereby the owner of the building declares that the builder is harmless to the any copyright issues which might crop up die to the application of the building plans. Completion time: After taking into consideration the different conditions and factors, it has been agreed upon by both the parties that is the weather conditions permits than the building shall be constructed completely a time period of no less than 200 days. After the possession of all the permits that are required to start the construction activity, the process of construction has to begin within thirty days. Financing: This contract is contingent upon the buyer obtaining a construction loan in the amount of $ 275,000. The total fees and the expenses that are related to obtaining the loan has to borne by the owner of the building (Li, 2009) . There is no requirement for the builder to start the construction activity is there is no proper confirmation in writing provided by the owner about the confirmation of the loan from the lender. Contract price: Hereby the owner of the project declares to pay a total of $ 275,000 to the builder on the successful of the building as per the terms and the conditions that has been mentioned in the contract and the builder agrees to provide all the labor, materials, equipment, tools, and other services necessary to construct the house (Ogbu, Asuquo and Oyoh, 2012). After the successful completion of the project 65% of the total cost of the project will be paid while remaining will be paid after the final inspection and acceptance. Access to the property site: It is the responsibility of the owner of the property to provide safe access to the builder to the site. Inspection and final acceptance: After the final inspection the owner will provide the builder the deficiencies if there are any, in the building. the final occupation will provided to the owner only after the final inspection is over and the final payment is completed. Effective Date and Signature: This contract shall become effective on the date it is signed by both parties. We, the undersigned, have read, understood, and agree to each of the provisions of this contract and hereby acknowledge receipt of a copy of this contract. By: _ on behalf of_ Title:_ Date : _ By:_ Date : _ By: _ Date :_ Attached Contract Documents: Final Contract 1. Plans and Specifications 2. Allowance Schedule The value of margin= 12% and GST = 10%. Total= 22% TRADE AREA GROSS VALUE ($) VALUE OF MARGIN AND GST ($) NET VALUE ($) % OF NET CONTRACT Preliminaries 25000 5500 30500 11.09% Excavator 5000 1100 6100 2.21% Concreter 19000 4180 23180 8.42% Bricklayer 24000 5280 29280 10.64% Carpenter 43000 9460 52460 19.076% Joiner 15000 3300 18300 6.65% Doors and Windows 26000 5720 31720 11.534% Roofer 16000 3520 19520 7.09% Linings/Insulation 20000 4400 24400 8.872% Electrician (Provisional Sum) 24000 5280 29280 10.64% Plumber and Drainer (Provisional sum) 24000 5280 29280 10.64% Tiler 12000 2640 14640 5.32% Painter 10000 2200 12200 4.436% Landscaper (Provisional sum) 12000 2640 14640 5.323% CONTRACT SUM 275000 TRADE VALUE ($) Month 1, % Complete Claim For Month 1 Month 2, % Complete Claim For Month 2 Month 3, % Complete Claim For Month 3 Month 4, % Complete Claim For Month 4 Month 5, % Complete Claim For Month 5 Month 6, % Complete Claim For Month 6 Month 7, % Complete Claim For Month 7 Preliminaries 25000 35 8750 45 11250 60 15000 75 18750 90 22500 95 23750 100 25000 Excavator 5000 100 5000 100 5000 100 5000 100 5000 100 5000 100 5000 100 5000 Concreter 19000 60 11400 100 19000 100 19000 100 19000 100 19000 100 19000 100 19000 Bricklayer 24000 20 4800 70 16800 100 24000 100 24000 100 24000 100 24000 100 24000 Carpenter 43000 0 0 30 12900 75 32250 100 43000 100 43000 100 43000 100 43000 Joiner 15000 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 3000 50 7500 95 14250 100 15000 Doors and Windows 26000 10 2600 60 15600 80 20800 100 26000 100 26000 100 26000 100 26000 Roofer 16000 0 0 0 0 70 11200 95 15200 100 16000 100 16000 100 16000 Linings/Insulation 20000 5 1000 5 1000 10 2000 60 12000 100 20000 100 20000 100 20000 Electrician (Provisional Sum) 24000 10 2400 18 4320 18 4320 60 14400 75 18000 85 20400 100 24000 Plumber and Drainer (Provisional sum) 24000 0 0 18 4320 18 4320 60 14400 75 18000 85 20400 100 24000 Tiler 12000 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 1800 60 7200 100 12000 100 12000 Painter 10000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 30 3000 75 7500 100 10000 Landscaper (Provisional sum) 12000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 1200 100 12000 Contract Sum 275000 35950 90190 137890 196550 229200 252500 275000 Money paid After Completion = 50% of contract sum= $137500 Total Money Paid after DLP = $137500. References Chan, S. and Park, M. (2005). Project cost estimation using principal component regression. Construction Management and Economics, 23(3), pp.295-304. Ishii, N., Takano, Y. and Muraki, M. (2014). An order acceptance strategy under limited engineering man-hours for cost estimation in EngineeringProcurementConstruction projects. International Journal of Project Management, 32(3), pp.519-528. Kumar, S. and Mishra, A. (2015). Critical Erosion Area Identification Based on Hydrological Response Unit Level for Effective Sedimentation Control in a River Basin. Water Resour Manage, 29(6), pp.1749-1765. Li, H. (2009). Study on Construction Cost of Construction Projects. Asian Social Science, 5(8). Nyce, C. and Maroney, P. (2011). Are Territorial Rating Models Outdated in Residential Property Insurance Markets? Evidence From the Florida Property Insurance Market. Risk Management and Insurance Review, 14(2), pp.201-232. Ogbu, C., Asuquo, C. and Oyoh, A. (2012). Factors Affecting the Pre-Contract use of the Bill of Quantities. FJOTE, 7(1). OHTSU, H., MIKAKE, S., IJIRI, Y. and SAKAI, K. (2006). A Study On Estimation Of Cost Variation On Tunnel Construction Projects. Journal of Construction Management, JSCE, 13, pp.101-114. Oladapo, A. (2007). A quantitative assessment of the cost and time impact of variation orders on construction projects. Journal of Engineering, Design and Technology, 5(1), pp.35-48. Oulahen, G. (2014). Flood Insurance in Canada: Implications for Flood Management and Residential Vulnerability to Flood Hazards. Environmental Management, 55(3), pp.603-615. Ranasinghe, M. (2000). Impact of correlation and induced correlation on the estimation of project cost of buildings. Construction Management and Economics, 18(4), pp.395-406. Wren, D. and Davidson, G. (2011). Using lake sedimentation rates to quantify the effectiveness of erosion control in watersheds. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 66(5), pp.313-322. Zhang, L., Luo, T., Liu, X. and Wang, Y. (2012). Altitudinal variation in leaf construction cost and energy content of Bergenia purpurascens. Acta Oecologica, 43, pp.72-79. Zima, K. (2015). The Case-based Reasoning Model of Cost Estimation at the Preliminary Stage of a Construction Project. Procedia Engineering, 122, pp.57-64.

Wednesday, December 4, 2019

What Does Beatrice’s Language Show free essay sample

What does Beatrice’s language show about her attitudes towards different men in the two different scenes you have studied? 10th February 2012 Introduction Much ado nothing is a romantic Shakespeare play about two couples of lovers. The play is set in Messina, deep in the heart of Italy and is based in Elizabethan times. The lovers are namely; Claudio and Hero, Bennedick and Beatrice. Claudio is a noble Florentine count from Florence. Bennedick is a war hero from Padua. Both are honourable war heroes fighting for Don Pedro the prince of Aragon. Beatrice is the niece of Leonato the Governor of Messina. At the beginning of the play Don Pedro and his valiant fighters return from the wars to Messina. While at Messina Claudio immediately falls in love with Hero. However Beatrice and Bennedick trade insults and banter. Bennedick and Beatrice seem to have more experience in love as they take the more cautious approach. We will write a custom essay sample on What Does Beatrice’s Language Show or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Claudio immediately falls in love with Hero and show no hesitations into throwing himself head first in a relationship. Bennedick seems to have held many relationships with different women,† Then is courtesy a turn coat. But it is certain I am loved of all ladies only you excepted† he states rather regretfully. This shows that perhaps even though he is loved all ladies, the only one lacking is the only one he is interested in. The play is rather merry and light-headed to start with, people meeting and trying to impress each other with clever speech and poetic sentences. However there are no indications of darker moments destined to happen later in the play. STEP 2 Beatrice is not the typical Elizabethan woman, she is not afraid to make use of her wits at insulting and sharing sexual innuendo with other men. Signor Mountanto† is the insulting name which she devised for Bennedick at the start of the play, this name has two meanings. Firstly Mountanto is a move in fencing, it is the upward thrust of the sward which suggests she thinks he is stuck up and to arrogant for his own good. But also the more devious meaning could be referring to Bennedick as being rather popular with the woman, he even says so himself later â€Å"But it is certain I am loved of all ladies†. She could be referring to him as being a bit of a Wing man because Mountanto could be a reference to the move mounting in sexual intercourse. She gets the better of everyone she argues with â€Å"You always end with a jades trick, I know you of old†. This means that she has some history with him, however Elizabethan women of the time rarely spoke showing that Beatrice has a rather unique individual personality. Perhaps it’s the fact she was brought up an orphan by her Uncle that made her the way she was. She’s tough on the outside and likes to make sarcastic comments to make herself look full of personality. However on the inside she is like any other woman. I was born to speak all matter and no Mirth† she tells Don Pedro later in a conversation. We know from contextual knowledge she is the orphan of Leonato relative. Perhaps the loss of her parents and other events in her childhood have actually shaped her into the loud mouthed, well-spoken individual she is in the play. Beatrice’s weaknesses definitely do not include speaking and confidence but rather keeping her mouth shut and refrainin g from insulting everyone she clashes with. She’s bold, quick to insult and proud. Perhaps the word Arrogant sums her up in full. At the beginning of the play Beatrice cannot wait to show her disgust for Bennedick interrupting with â€Å"I pray you, is Signor Mountanto returned from the wars or no†? This shows he is clearly in her thoughts but she is somehow keen to show everyone else her dislike for him. Mountanto was a fencing move of the time, so she probably meant for people to think she was implying that he was proud and stuck up. However her sarcastic tone shades it in a completely different light all together. She also probably was referring to mounting (in intercourse) as an inside joke to those who scrambled deeper into the comment. This was to impress people with her ability to give a word two directions. However beneath all this fancy language we can derive that Bennedick was painted all over Beatrice’s thoughts and she cannot resist asking about his well-being. When the messenger states he knows none of that name, Hero her cousin says â€Å"My cousin means Signor Bennedick of Padua† this clearly shows that not only is Bennedick and Beatrice’s thoughts he is also a subject of conversation and discussion between Beatrice and Hero. The way Beatrice speaks seemingly spitefully about Bennedick shows us she is perhaps interested in Bennedick and trying not to arouse the suspicion of the messenger and her uncle. By adding sarcastic comments and insults where Bennedick name appears shows us she is trying hard not to bring out her real feelings for him, the name â€Å"Signor Mountanto† is one of the names Beatrice has devised to insult Bennedick however the fact that the name is so complex in meaning and the inside joke so well thought out shows us she has really thought about this insult and it has not an insult off the top of her head. Beatrice is more devious and careful about relationships than Claudio who seems rather desperate to get with Hero and throw himself headfirst into a relationship that he perhaps knows nothing about. This suggests perhaps she has more experience in love and relationships and has also experienced disappointment and is afraid of it. STEP 3 When Bennedick and Beatrice meet they immediately engage in a fierce verbal battle, trading insults and arguing dramatically. â€Å"Beatrice: I wonder that you will still be talking Signor Bennedick, nobody marks you. Bennedick: My dear lady disdain. Are you yet living? This short extract tells us that the Bennedick and Beatrice clearly have some history. At the time people meeting for the first time would strive to impress each other with elegant speech and poetic talk as the messenger said to Leonato in the introduction â€Å"doing in the figure of a lamb the feats of a lion† later Leonato responds with â€Å"How much better is it to weep a t joy, than to joy at weeping†. The messenger is trying to impress Leonato with alliterations Figure of a Lamb (beginning with F and L) and then saying something the opposite (Feats of a Lion) but beginning with the same letter. After hearing this play with words Leonato feels obliged to respond later with word play â€Å"How much better is it to weep at joy, than to joy at weeping† this highlights that first impressions at the time were important and seen as a chance to promote ones image and create awe. However as Bennedick and Beatrice have some history and know each other well as Beatrice later says â€Å"You always end with a Jade’s trick, I know you of old† this quote shows that perhaps Beatrice not only knows Bennedick well but also argues regularly with him too. This argument is perhaps not the first argument in their â€Å"merry war†. The fact that they argue also suggests something else. The reason for their argument could have been caused by the fact that they perhaps had a failed relationship before or disagreement â€Å"Indeed my lord, he leant it me awhile and I gave use for it, a double heart for his single one. Marry, once before he won it of me with false dice: therefore your grace may well say I have lost it† this is a short extract taken from Beatrice’s conversation with Don Pedro later on. It shows that perhaps Beatrice regrets losing her relationship with Bennedick. However despite this what entertains the audience most is Beatrice and Bennedick’s arguments. Conflicts are what make things interesting. They make entertainment successful because more often than not, there is a resolution, a road to recovery and that’s what makes them so satisfying to watch. The same applies to much ado nothing, if everything was a rosy garden than the film would bear no purpose and entertainment. To make a play interesting there must always be a spanner in the works; a few examples: Eastenders and The Simpsons are just a few examples. These programs have conflicts and arguments quite regularly; it’s the argument that produces an interesting scene and an interesting solution. However one thing must be made straight, in Elizabethan times it was more difficult to rehearse and display convincing physical conflicts, therefore the solution was to put in verbal conflicts instead. This made sure there was some sort of problem in the play but it was realistic and convincing enough to entertain the audience. Comedy conflicts usually include some banter which makes the audience laugh and after all making an audience laugh is the key to success in plays intended for the upper class to watch in Elizabethan times. STEP 4 Beatrice has not had too good an experience with love as Shakespeare portrays especially well in the conversation involving Beatrice and Don Pedro. In the rest of the play we get the impression that Beatrice is loud mouthed and proud however in this conversation she seems more humble and more willing to speak honestly and not sarcastically because of Don Pedro. Don Pedro was the prince at the time it was custom that all ladies respected him because of his high social status. Beatrice was no exception. She tells Don Pedro of her failed relationship with Bennedick rather regretfully â€Å"Indeed my lord, he leant it me awhile and I gave use for it, a double heart for his single one. Marry, once before he won it of me with false dice: therefore your grace may well say I have lost it† this extract shows that underneath the strong personality Beatrice is the same as everyone else. She too has her ups and downs. Due to her failed relationship with Bennedick she has a negative approach to relationships because she is weary of disappointment. This is much unlike Claudio who has probably never held a relationship, never been cheated on and never experienced disappointment. When Don Pedro said â€Å"will you have me lady† Beatrice replies â€Å"No, my lord, unless I might have another for working days. Your grace is too costly to wear everyday† this is the first time the audience have heard Beatrice down grading herself and being modest, she is perhaps feeling honoured to not only be talking to Don Pedro the Prince but to have been proposed to by Don Pedro. From this we can draw that the person that Beatrice appears to be throughout the rest of the play; tough, proud and arrogant is not her real self. Underneath she is the same as everyone else she has emotions and can be modest too. In conclusion, Beatrice reacts differently to different men depending on who they are. She has history with Bennedick which might explain her aggressive and sarcastic attitude towards Bennedick. Don Pedro the prince and is of high social status so she tones down her attitude, becomes modest suddenly and respects Don Pedro well. To the messenger she is not afraid to share some banter and speak rudely and to Leonato her uncle, she maintains the same arrogant attitude but with a respect for him. The contrasting attitudes make Beatrice seem like many different people and the fact that she has so many different reactions towards different people in the same situation entertains the audience because one person has never had so many different personalities.